Notable Works

To prepare the mixture, take 50 grams of lemon peel and 150 ml of distilled water. Combine the two in a pot and heat it on a stove to a temperature of 100 °C. Allow the mixture to boil for around half an hour, or until half of the water has evaporated. Once the appropriate amount of water has evaporated, remove the pot from the stove. Now, filter the mixture to remove any solid particles or impurities. Finally, store the prepared mixture in a clean container for future use. To synthesize the titanium dioxide, 1.25 g of the titanium dioxide bulk powder is added to 2.5 ml of distilled water. Gradually, 35 ml of lemon peel extract is mixed into the solution, causing the whitish solution to turn yellow. The mixture is stirred for 5 hours at room temperature, rotating at 10 rev/s. After stirring, the mixture is centrifuged and washed three times with deionized water before being left to dry at room temperature. Once the particles are dried, they are calcined at 500 °C for 2 hours and stored in a sterilized sample holder

Particle size: 80-100 nm

Particle size: 110-120 nm

Method: Sol-gel